Demographic tendencies in western Europe facilitated this “colonization.” The settlers—certain of private freedom, mounted rents, plus some measure of self-administration and functioning underneath the so-referred to as German Regulation—Launched new villages and cities or reorganized aged kinds. Cities received formal charters (Wrocław in 1242, Poznań in 1253, Kraków in 1257) https://polawedee.tumblr.com/